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were the commissioners or "magistrates of foreign affairs" appointed at the end of the Edo era by the Tokugawa shogunate to oversee trade and diplomatic relations with foreign countries. In essence this was the beginning of the creation of a Ministry of Foreign Affairs after Japan's long period of isolationist policy. ==Historical background== The ''Gaikoku bugyō'' system began just prior to the negotiations which resulted in the Harris Treaty.〔Cullin, L.M. (2003). ''A History of Japan, 1582–1941,'' p. 185.〕 First appointed in August 1858, the ''gaikoku-bugyō'' were shogunate officials who were charged with advising the government on foreign affairs and who were tasked with conducting negotiations with foreign diplomats both in Japan and abroad.〔Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Gaikoku bugyō''" in ; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File ).〕 This was a high-ranking office, in status roughly equivalent to that of ''kanjō-bugyō'', or expressed differently, the status of this office ranked slightly below that of ''daimyo''. The number of ''gaikoku bugyō'' varied, from five in 1858 to a maximum of 13, with wide variations in the numbers of officials who were appointed across the span of years.〔Beasley, W.G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868,'' p. 322.〕 The office was often held concurrently with that of ''kanjō-bugyō'' or the office was held concurrently by those serving the shogunate as governor of one of the great ports (Nagasaki ''bugyō'' or Kanagawa ''bugyō'').〔 The ''Gaikoku bugyō'' system ended in 1869 when the new Meiji government was formed;〔 but some of the foundational work of this period proved useful to the nascent Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Some 70 ''Gaikoku bugyō'' commissioners were named during this significant period. Hotta succeeded Abe Masahiro, and in his years at the post had to address the issue of the Harris Treaty of 1858. The genesis of the ''gaikoku-bugyō'' pre-dates the actual creation of the office. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gaikoku bugyō」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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